Saturday, December 29, 2007

Nietzsche and a fish

Before I answer Faith’s response, let us talk about a fish. To be specific, let’s talk about “red herring”.

Red Herring is a fallacy in which the arguer tries to shift the issue to another matter. It is a fallacy in which an irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic. Heck! I really don’t know if it’s an effective means to escape...but...let see:

Faith Fathoms said that Nietzsche’s story of the madman symbolized atheism’s emptiness and hopelessness. Here’s is Faith’s own statement:

This is a shattered appearance of Atheism in Nietzsche poem. It has the stare of death, looking into the barren desert of emptiness and hopelessness. The Nietzschean dogma, which dawned with the lantern being smashed to the ground, now ends in the darkness of the grave.

I don’t know if Faith just copy-paste this article from an obscure Born-Again Christian website. Faith has this habit of not putting any source. Nevertheless I challenge Faith’s post and asked if Faith can justify the claim.

What I got is a lousy answer.

Faith: According to Michael Martin, Nietzsche is one of the most influential atheists during 20th century. The ethical belief of atheism according to George Smith "Ethics as a science guides man's choice relative to certain human ends, such as survival or happiness. Ethics so conceived is a rational enterprise: certain actions are conducive to survival or happiness, certain actions are not." In short atheist believe that ethics are relative, it determine by the situation.

John the Atheist: How’s that again? We are talking about how you can prove that the story of The Madman symbolized the emptiness and hopelessness of atheism, and you gave me what Michael Martin and George Smith thinks? Hmmmmm...When I read this paragraph, it seems they were from two different sources...Anyway...
Just because Michael Martin, Nietzsche and George Smith believe that ethics is relative doesn’t mean all atheists believe in a relative ethics.

In logic, the hasty generalization is a form of improper induction. We call this prejudice. In either case, conclusions are drawn before the facts warrant it. Faith’s message is a good case study.

Contrary to Faith’s claim, an atheist can also believe in the existence of an objective ethics. Bear in mind that the belief in a god doesn’t monopolized objective moral standard. There is a plethora of opinions out there on how an atheist can derive a universal objective moral viewpoint without God. Philosophers as Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, George Edward Moore and John Rawls have demonstrated the possibility of a universal objective morality without God.

If Christian believers rely on faith to the will of an invisible God to distinguished objective ethics, a non-believer can distinguished objective ethics base on positive values from intellectual honesty and objective human experience. For an atheist, the foundation of an objective ethics is the objective experience of living in this world. In the ethics of Humanism for example, objective ethics doesn’t come from a supernatural source. One need not to consult a theological ground to justify what is right or wrong. They emerge because of human experience. Human experience is measurable – thus objective. Also,

In Objectivism for example, Ayn Rand’s value theory is naturalistic which rejects ethical relativism. The need for morality, according to Objectivism, arises from man’s distinctive nature. Oh did I forget to tell you that Objectivism is atheistic.

So why do you think that all atheists believes in relative morality? Just because some inane Christian apologist says it means it’s true? Let me state what Sam Harris (the author of End of Faith) have to say about ethics.

“A rational approach to ethics becomes possible one we realize that questions of right and wrong are really questions about the happiness and suffering of sentient creatures. If we are in a position of affect the happiness or suffering of others, we have ethical responsibilities towards them – and many of these responsibilities are so grave as to become matters of civil and criminal law.” – The End of Faith pp. 170 – 171

“The fact that our ethical intuitions have their roots in biology reveals that our efforts to ground ethics in religious conception of “moral duty” are misguided. Saving a drowning child is no more a moral duty than understanding a syllogism is a logical one. We simply do not need religious ideas to motivate us to live ethical lives. Once we begin thinking seriously about happiness and suffering, we find that our religious traditions are no more reliable on questions of ethics than they have been on scientific questions generally.” (ibid. 172)

For atheists who believe in an objective morality: morality is man-made and ethics is personal. Yet because humans have the same mental condition anywhere else, this personal ethics becomes universal... Humans created a law that say do not hurt your fellow human, which is a personal moral code. Yet every human culture believes in the same thing, so it becomes universal.

But let us not discuss this issue too far. The important thing is that NOW other than the emptiness and hopelessness of atheism, Faith should prove to us that every atheist in this planet believes in a relative ethics just like what Faith declared. So instead of giving us an answer Faith will now have to prove two things…My gulay!

Faith: Now what is nihilism? Nihilism means "nothingness," the negation of all being or value (Nietzsche idea). According to Norman Geisler "nihilism rejected values, nihilism is antinomian or lawless. But even most relativists or situationists do not deny all value, just all absolute value. Less stringent nihilists simply deny that any ultimate or absolute value exists. The only value that exists is what we create. There is no objective value to be discovered. The negation of all being is self-defeating, since one has to exist in order to deny all existence. Those who do not exist do not deny anything." So nihilism is usually refers specifically to values and ideas, and is the denial that we have any objective reality.

John the Atheist: I really don’t see the importance of delineating nihilism with the topic. The topic was for Faith to establish Nietzsche’s madman story symbolizes the emptiness and meaningless of atheism.

But just a little FYI: In ethics, nihilism means total elimination of all systems of authority, morality, and social custom, or one who purportedly makes such a rejection. Nietzsche defined the term as any philosophy that results in apathy toward life and a poisoning of the human soul—and opposed it vehemently. "Nihilism [is] an ideal of the spirit, the over-richest life-party destructive, partly ironic." (Nietzsche,
The Will to Power, #14)

But the best description in regards with nihilism is the refutation of that which necessitates faith for salvation or actualization and would span to include anything from theology to secular ideology.

Nihilism confronts the suppositions supporting universal values such as 'equality'; 'pity', 'justice', etc. But also terms of conclusion about human existence such as "meaningless", "pointless" and "futile" are equally flawed because their definitions stem from the original morality values that have hitherto been rejected.

Albert Camus enlightened perspective of the absurd, Jean-Paul Sartre's nothingness and Post Modern Relativism is more connected with nihilism compare to atheism.

Faith: To make this thing short atheist by nature are generally ethically relativism which is same with nihilism belief about ethics. Aside from ethical view, atheist and nihilist are also having closed philosophical view about materialism and scientism.

John the Atheist: Non-sequitur. Atheists are not generally ethically relativist by nature as proven from my answers. Since I have proved that atheists are not relativists by nature, it also follows that atheism and nihilism are not the same. The question of atheism is about the existence of god whereas relativism and nihilism questions issues concerning ethics. It seems Faith Fathoms not only failed to connect the dot between atheism, relativism and nihilism, but also botched miserable to give us any justification of the claim.

I hope Faith can give us honest answers next time. I just hate liars.

Ciao!
John the Atheist

Friday, December 28, 2007

Selling God

After watching prime time shows on TV I usually end up watching this “Not So Goodnite Show with Jojo A.” just to break the boredom at 11 PM. Maybe if I have cable TV I might be watching Conan O’ Brian...yet...cable TV is quite expensive.

So I watch this local version instead. .

More often than not, I’m doing something in the computer while watching the show. Hehehe! Ears on the TV and eyes on the computer monitor. If I’m not writing any articles for my blog, I usually messing our Poser 7 program or trying to create a GIF animation or I might be reading some of my e-books. So I usually forget to turn off the TV after the program...so from time to time I unintentionally watch 700 Club Asia.

The program is a typical “fundy” entertainment full of godly praises, Bible stuffs and the regular “Christian testimonies” *sigh*... There is even this host who looks like a used car sales man. Christian TV shows like the 700 Club Asia is really too dreary and nauseating, but what really strikes me is the way they promote Christian belief.

Have you ever notice how a typical Christian TV show promote god, especially those so-called testimonies? Since I always see these “testimonies” on typical Christian Tele-Evangelism shows, I’ve classified them in 4 types. The first one is the “weird type”, something that seems to be emulated from The X-Files and Supernatural. Most of these testimonies consist of seeing hell, having a face to face encounter with a devil or a child who dies and saw heaven. I have seen a lot of paranormal programs both in TV and in the movies so I guess these testimonies have really no effect.

The second is the classic testimony about how god changes someone’s life (As if other things can’t change him). Yep I was once a murderer, a swindler, a conniving snake, a good for nothing son of a bitch, a no good bastard...and so on. Then I saw God and VIOLA! I’m a new man!

Really?

It is said that Christians have a habit on being too selective. Yep! It’s easy to show this guy in TV who claim to have been change to a better person because he was touched by god. Yet they will exclude any guy who will pronounce that Christianity hasn’t done anything new to him. In fact, they will even bar any person who will testify that he was once a Christian and now he becomes a Muslim. Talk about reality TV.

So do Christian claim of a so-called spiritual transformation always work? I know this fellow, a mother...who was supposed to be the spiritual leader of her family. They are “Born-Again” Christians by the way.

So this “Christian” mother loves to host regular Bible studies in her house. She always attends church and church activities. She also see to it that her granddaughters and grandsons regularly pray to Jesus...ehem.. Oh did I forget to mention that she also love to spread gossips about her son’s suppose affair with his maid and that she beat this maid with a 1x1 wooded club with a rusty nail sticking on one end?

So did Christianity change her?

How about this guy? We call this guy “Pastor” because he loves to imitate how a Christian pastor preaches. I don’t know, maybe he dreamed to be a real pastor some day. He always loves to challenge those who are not “Born-Again” Christians, base on his understanding of course. He is swollen with pride to be called a Christian and always carry a Bible with him. He loves to debate different Bible topics and he loves to preach. He claims that the power of the Holy Spirit is with him every time he spread the gospel. I sometime wonder...Is the Hoy Spirit with him when he took someone’s wife and have a “thing” with her? Does he carry the Bible every time he looks for bawds in Avenida, Rizal?

I have seen a lot of Christians who claimed that their life has been changed by the Holy Spirit. People who claim to have a special relationship with Jesus Christ...yet still addicted to gambling, young women, illicit sex, porno DVD’s and pornographic reading materials, drugs, you name it. So what TV show will feature these “Christians”?

The third type of testimony really sounds more of bribery than evidence. Love God, accept Jesus and be filthy rich! Majority of testimonies used in local TV evangelism are of this kind of variety.

So when a person accepts God he will become loaded huh? So every conniving privilege rat here in the Philippines has accepted Jesus as a personal savior? So every rich SOB who stole the poor farmer’s land has accepted Jesus as lord? Give me a break!
What happened to the poor, the destitute? Are they poor because they still haven’t accepted Christian claims? Are they still living under bridges and “esteros” because they are still not Born-Again? If a person becomes rich he is blessed by god. If he’s pitiable, god is just testing him. Gosh! Tabla-talo tayo nyan!

These types of testimonies are promoting people to become indolent. Instead of uncovering the reasons of his paucity, he will be satisfied with the explanation that a god up in the sky is just doing some callous experiment to test his abilities. Beside, why will a being that is presume to be omniscient test his lowly subjects? That is not very logical.

And last but not least...the “I was cured by God Hallelujah !!!” type of testimony.
So as one person was cured by God of his cancer, a million more is now suffering from tumors and malign cysts. I don’t get it. I remember a conversation I have with a Christian in relationship with this kind of testimony.

Christian: Have you read the paper John? A plane crashed killing all the 299 crew and passengers on board except a baby. Wow that’s a miracle! That prove God exist!

John the Atheist: Well...the death of all the 299 passengers and crew does prove that God doesn’t exist.

Christian: God blast you John!

Christian evangelists often use this kind of testimonies to win believers who are ill or suffering from an incurable disease. There are even these dissemble where the TV evangelist/host will place his hands on the camera and will pray to God. Then he will say that someone in the audience is being cured at that very moment. Boy! If these things really work, then we don’t need hospitals!

When I encounter this type of Christian testimony I always ask the Christian, “If God loves you then why did he give you that illness in the first place? And if God loves everyone then why not make being healthy contagious? Now that’s a miracle.”

Christian testimonies don’t prove anything. It is not so different with selling something. When you’re selling something you have to win the costumers and the best thing to do is to give them what they want. You have to make the packaging attractive so people will purchase the product. That’s similar with these tele-evangelists; they have to tell people what they would like to hear so that tele-viewers will buy their pious platitude. They have to cook-up of some story so you will believe in the existence of supernatural beings like demons and gods. They have to convince you that god is capable of changing your life. They have to sway you to believe of a god up there that will give you the financial success that you’re been wishing for or that god will cure your ailments. All of this for you to become a member of their congregation so you can compensate them back...by paying your weekly tithe.

So who said that they’re not making any sales?

Until next time,
John the Atheist

The Problem with Superstitions.


When you take a bus trip from Negros to Boracay, chances are your going to pass the town of Cadiz. I remember when we passed this town from a trip to Boracay, the bus made a scheduled stop from a gas station in Cadiz City so passengers can have taken a leak since it still too far before we can reach the town of Caticlan. As we stop at the gas station, some vendors approached the bus and started to sell us some food. The bus conductor told us not to buy any food being sold by street vendors. He even closed the windows.

I asked the conductor for his reasons. He said that most vendors are not human but “aswang” in disguised and the food were human viscera. If we eat those food we will become aswang like them.

No one really knows when it all started but the province of Cadiz becomes well known, not because of its food or handicrafts like other Philippine provinces. Cadiz turns out to be famous because of the aswang...The Philippine Boogey man!

Just like Siquijor, the Philippine town which is famous for witchcraft, Cadiz was the center of the folklore of the “aswang”. The aswang is a night creature who is known to eat human guts. It sometimes took the appearance of a large black pig or large black dogs. The power they possessed is called lycanthropy – The magical ability of a creature to assume the characteristics of an animal, like a wolf. Unlike werewolves, you will not become an aswang after being bitten by one. They say those aswangs were passed from generations to generations. If your parents are aswangs, by the age of sixteen they will pass this powers to you, in a form of a black chick. You have to swallow this chick and you will become an aswang. Another way of becoming an aswang is when you accidentally ate their food. Old folks say that an aswang food is camouflage as ordinary food and they will gladly offer it to you. Sometimes they say that restaurants and food stalls in Cadiz serve these food to guests and you will never even know that you are already eating human innards.

In order for a person to distinguish an aswang food, he must squeeze some lime or kalamansi juice on the dish. It is said that if you place lime juice in an aswang food, the disguise will melt away to reveal its true form.

The whole tales about the aswangs were really folklore, yet it’s giving the province of Cadiz economic troubles. It’s very hard to open an eatery store in Cadiz or to sell food on passing visitors from other towns. People always assume that those foods were tinted. Abandoned old folks seem to have more difficulties because most are stereotyped as aswangs. I sometimes blame the media for blowing more air to the fire.Cheap horror shows here in the Philippines hire old performers to play the part of the aswang. So instead of helping them and providing them with their, people seem to avoid old folks living in the remote parts of the province.

The superstition has created unjustified trepidation from the local people. Maybe Filipinos are too gullible. The United States even used this to their benefit. When the Philippines were still under US rule in the early part of 20th century, the Americans used the beliefs of the aswang to flush out insurgents hiding in the mountains. They place two cadavers in the mountains side with peculiar holes in their neck. Then they spread a rumor to the town folks about an aswang roaming around the mountainous region. The plan worked well. Within a month or so insurgents came rushing down in fright and eagerly surrendered to the American forces.

It’s so easy to accept gossips and urban legends, and people seem to bite such stories even without doing a little investigation about it. That’s why the bus conductor considers it even without reflecting of the results it will create to those honest street merchants. Because of that absurd belief about the aswang, those street peddlers will not bring in anything to provide for their families.

Superstition is described as an irrational belief arising from ignorance or fear. Some justify superstition as part of customs and traditions. I do not even know of any culture in this world that does not have any form of superstition.

Here in the Philippines, we have different superstitions from the time of our birth till we get married until we die. I think it’s quite natural for religious people. Superstitions prosper because of fear factor. They believe that when you ignored superstition. Say you ignore a black cat crossing the street; you will be having many dreadful misfortunes. So people will be compelled to believe it, because of the foreboding of bad lucks, while other says that there is nothing to lose if you believe it. Well you might say that these beliefs are harmless...Maybe?

Have you received a chain letter? The chain letter works like a superstitious belief. You are told to copy the letter 100 times and to send those entire letters to different people in the span of a month. If you failed to comply you will die or your family will suffer series of bad lucks. However, if you accomplished what the letter says, you will gain a lot of blessings. So a typical sucker will believe this letter and will produce 100 letters, consuming all his productive time, not to mention pen ink (or electricity if he is using a computer), paper and stamps (Internet time which of course is not without charge here in the Philippines). He will send these bogus letters to 100 people gaining what? I bet he even lost his self-respect because he was lead to believe by a spurious message because of fear.

So is superstitious belief harmless? Let’s take a look at the Filipino Fiesta tradition. Filipino travel brochure promotes the tradition of Fiesta as a symbol of Filipino hospitality. Yet the superstition behind the festive atmosphere of the Philippine Fiesta is really disappointing. Our ancient ancestors believe in the powers of different gods and goddesses. In every human activity, a deity always watches. There are fertility goddesses, rain gods, war gods, rice goddesses, sea goddesses and so on. When the Spaniards came and introduced their Christian god to the Philippines, well those “pagan gods and goddesses” only transformed into what we now known as “saints." The rice god becomes the patron saint of agriculture. When a childless couple pray for a miracle, they go to Obando, Bulacan to dance for Santa Clara...Something like our ancestors does for Libugan - the Goddess of fertility.

The rule with fiesta is that you have to serve up many food to guests to receive bountiful blessings. That means you have to beg, steal or borrow just to push this tradition through. So after the occasion, what then? You are up to your neck with debts you cannot pay, much for bountiful blessings.

In what extent do these superstitions will rule or ruin our lives?

Religion is the mother of all superstitions, and nothing can be a best example of the irrationality of fear promoted by superstition than religious doctrines and dogmas. For example, members of Christian Science will reject all form of medical treatment in the grounds that God alone will provide salvation from sickness. Jehovah’s Witnesses will not accept blood transfusion even in emergency, life-threatening cases.

Take a look at the issues concerning the Witch Hunt. These hideous acts were justified by superstition. In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII produced his Bull against Witches. Two years later two infamous German monks, Heinrich Institoris Kramer and Jakob Sprenger, produced their incredible concoction of anti-Witchery, the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witch Hammer).

Gradually the hysteria kindled by Kramer and Sprenger began to spread. It spread like a fire—flashing up suddenly in unexpected places; spreading quickly across the whole of Europe. For nearly three hundred years the fires of the persecutions raged. Humankind had gone mad.

In 1586 the Archbishop of Treves decided that the local Witches had caused the recent severe winter. By dint of frequent torture a "confession" was obtained and one hundred twenty men and women were burned to death on his charge that they had interfered with the elements.

The following is a typical scenario:
In 1595, an old woman residing in a village near Constance, angry at not being invited to share the sports of the country people on a day of public rejoicing, was heard to mutter something to herself, and was afterwards seen to proceed through the fields towards a hill, where she was lost sight of. A violent thunderstorm arose about two hours afterwards, which wet the dancers to the skin, and did considerable damage to the plantation. This woman suspected before of witchcraft, was seized and imprisoned, and accused of having raised the storm, by filling a hole with wine, and stirring it about with a stick. She was tortured till she confessed, and burned alive the next morning. – C.Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. The End of Faith, Sam Harris.

Here is an excerpt from an invaluable compilation, The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology, by Rossell Hope Robbins:
One might glance at some of the special tortures at Bamberg, for example, such as the forcible feeding of the accused on herrings cooked in salt, followed by denial of water— a sophisticated method which went side by side with immersion of the accused in baths of scalding water to which lime had been added. Other ways with witches included the wooden horse, various kinds of racks, the heated iron chair, leg vises [Spanish boots], and large boots of leather or metal into which (with the feet in them, of course) was poured boiling water or molten lead. In the water torture, the question de I'eau, water was poured down the throat of the accused, along with a soft cloth to cause choking. The cloth was pulled out quickly so that the entrails would be torn. The thumbscrews [gresillons] were a vise designed to compress the thumbs or the big toes to the root of the nails, so that the crushing of the digit would cause excruciating pain.

A rough estimate of the total number of people burned, hung or tortured to death on the charge of Witchcraft, is nine million. The last execution for witchcraft in Holland, cradle of the Enlightenment, was in 1610; in England, 1684; America, 1692; France, 1745; Germany, 1775; and Poland, 1793. In Italy, the Inquisition was condemning people to death until the end of the eighteenth century, and inquisitorial torture was not abolished in the Catholic Church until 1816. The last bastion of support for the reality of witchcraft and the necessity of punishment has been the Christian churches.

The whole anti-Semitic belief in Europe prior to World War 2 was kindled from superstition.

Like witches, the Jews from Eastern Europe were often accused of incredible crime. Christian believes that the Jews are responsible to Jesus’ death. Because of this crime, they are just being penalized. An added reason here is that Christians just cannot stand hearing Jews as “God’s favorite people." Because of these beliefs brought by the Bible stories, different superstitions were created by ignorant Christians. The most known is the superstition surrounding the concept of “blood libel."

Throughout the Middle Ages, Jews were accused of murdering Christian infants. Christian believes that Jews need the blood of an innocent Christian blood of a newly baptized child to replenish their lost stores during menstruation. They also believe that Jews use the blood to cure themselves from terrible hemorrhoids and oozing sores as a punishment for murdering Jesus Christ on the cross.

Jewish babies were also believed to have their fingers attached to their foreheads and only the blood of a Christian baby can cure it.

Christians often blames atheism as the cause of the Holocaust. That is not true. It is out of this history of theologically mandated persecution fire upped by the irrational superstitions against the Jew, with the justification of the Christian Bible that secular anti-Semitism emerged. The result: 6 million people lost their lives.

So when you believe that superstitions are harmless...think again.


John the Atheist

"Gott ist tot"!

One of the most misunderstood yet most used Nietzsche‘s quote is “God is dead”. Christians claim that this quote signifies the emptiness of atheism. For example, Ravi Zacharias, the Hindu turned Christian apologist always quote Nietzsche and “God is dead!” as proof of atheism “emptiness”. Misinformed Christians even says, “This is a shattered appearance of Atheism in Nietzsche poem. It has the stare of death, looking into the barren desert of emptiness and hopelessness. The Nietzschean dogma, which dawned with the lantern being smashed to the ground, now ends in the darkness of the grave.”

Christians thought that when they attacked Nietzsche they automatically attacked atheism. They seem to make Nietzsche the Jesus Christ of atheism. But in reality, attacking Nietzsche’s view is not the refutation of atheism. Nietzsche’s philosophy is not relevant to whether god exist or not. Also, Nietzsche’s view in morality has nothing to do with atheism. Atheism does not logically entail any theory of ethics. An atheist can accept nihilism or not, it doesn’t matter. Remember, an atheist can agree to any secular theories of ethics like objectivism and relativism.

Is the death of a god what atheism really wants? Geeweez, how can something that doesn’t exist die? An atheist is not the mortician of the gods.

So what does Nietzsche meant when he said that “God is dead”?

Maybe it’s best that we read the story first before we analyzed and criticized it. The story of the “madman” can be found in Nietzsche’s work “The Gay Science” (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft), his last aphoristic work, first published in 1882. Section 108 (New Struggles), in section 125 (The Madman), and for a third time in section 343 (The Meaning of our Cheerfulness)

[125] The Madman. Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the
bright morning hours, ran to the market place, and cried incessantly, “I seek
God! I seek God!” As many of those who do not believe in God were standing
around just then, he provoked much laughter. Why? Did he get lost? Said one. Did
he lose his way like a child? Said another. Or is he hiding? Is he afraid of us?
Has he gone on a voyage? Or emigrated? Thus they yelled and laughed. The madman
jumped into their midst and pierced them with his glances.

“Whither is
God” he cried. I shall tell you. We have killed him - you and I. All of us are
his murderers. But how have we done this? How were we able to drink up the sea?
Who gave us the sponge to wipe away the entire horizon? What did we do when we
unchained this earth from the sun? Whither is it moving now? Whither are we
moving now? Away from all suns? Are we not plunging continually? Backward,
sideward, forward, in all directions? Is there any up or down left? Are we not
straying as thought an infinite nothing? Do we feel the breath of empty space?
Has it not become colder? Is not night and more night coming on all the while?
Must not lanterns be lit in the morning? Do we not hear anything yet of the
noise of the gravediggers who are burying God? Do we not smell yet of God’s
decomposition? Gods too decompose. God is dead. God remains dead. And we have
killed him. How shall we, the murderers of all murderers, comfort ourselves?
What was holiest and most powerful of all that the world has yet owned has bled
to death under our knives. Who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there
for us to clean ourselves? What festival of atonement, what sacted games shall
we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must not
we ourselves become gods simply to seem worthy of it? There has never been a
greater deed: and whoever will be born after us – for the sake of this deed he
will be part of a higher history than all history hitherto.”

Here the
madman fell silent and looked again at his listeners: and they too were silent
and stared at him in astonishment. At last he threw his lantern on the ground
and it broke and went out. “I come too early,” he said then; “my time has not
come yet. This tremendous event is still on its way, still wandering – it has
not yet reached the ears of man. Lightning and thunder require time, the light
of the stars requires time, deeds require time even after they are done, before
they can be seen and heard. This deed is still more distant from them than the
most distant stars --- and yet they have done it themselves.”

It has
been related further that on the same day the madman entered divers churches and
there sang his requiem aeternam deo. Let out and called to account, he is said
to have replied each time, “What are these churches now if they are not the
tombs and sepulchers of God?”


Christians claim that the story shows atheism according to Nietzsche, means hopelessness and meaningless of life. That is not the case. It also doesn’t mean that God is physically dead. God cannot die. Not because he is omnipotent or immortal. God will not die because a fiction does not die. Mythological bestiaries are not governed by the laws concerning life and death. The gods, as manufactured by mortals in their own image and likeness to make life bearable is an illusion. You cannot murder an illusion.

It is Nietzsche's way of saying that the idea of God is no longer able of giving us source of moral code or teleology. God is dead, then, in the sense that his existence is now irrelevant to the bulk of humanity. The same sentiments are found on John Shelby Spong’s Why Christianity Must Change or Die: “The God of our traditional past, who was the source of our values, the definer of our sense of right or wrong, was simply no more. We, like the Jews of the old, has been forcefully removed from all that had previously given life meaning. The God we once worshiped has been obliterated before our eyes. We no longer knew who God was or indeed who we were” (ibid p.40)

Nietzsche identifies the predicament which the death of God correspond to the existing moral considerations. According to Nietzsche, "When one gives up the Christian faith, one pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one's feet. By breaking one main concept out of Christianity, the faith in God, one breaks the whole: nothing necessary remains in one's hands.”
So, the shattered lantern means Christian morals not atheism as Christians misinterpret it.

This is why in "The Madman"; the madman addresses the atheists (those who do not believe in God) about the problem to preserve any system of ethics in the absence of a divine order.

Nietzsche believes that Christian morality will not help us on the treat of nihilism and since we have “killed God” we are left with no epistemological or moral base from which we can derive absolute beliefs. He explained that Christian morality and pieties is incapable of providing men with real moral basis. We must go beyond the simple Christian idea of good and evil. Nietzsche also said that Christian morals are the morality of paltry people as the measure of all things. It is the morality of the herd, a slave morality. (Most of Nietzsche’s criticisms towards Christianity are found in his book, “Twilight of the Idols, published in 1888.)

The death of God is a way of saying that humans are no longer able to believe in any cosmic order since they themselves no longer recognize it. The death of God will lead, Nietzsche says, not only to the rejection of a belief of cosmic or physical order but also to a rejection of absolute values themselves — to the rejection of belief in an objective and universal moral law, binding upon all individuals. In this manner, the loss of an absolute basis for morality leads to nihilism. Out of the death of God come active nihilism and the rise of supermen. There will be wars such as there have never been on earth before (He was certainly right on nihilism but perhaps not about the “superman” who will inherit his concept – John the Atheist). Nietzsche believed that the majority of people did not recognize or refused to acknowledge this death out of deep-seated fear. Therefore, when the death did begin to become widely acknowledged, people would despair and nihilism would become rampant, as well as the relativistic belief that human will is a law unto itself—anything goes and all is permitted.

Today, we are now living in a nihilistic social order, a post-modern society where black and white is hard to distinguished. Nihilism took root on the shady area between the flagging Christian era and the post-Christian era. To Nietzsche, nihilism is the consequence of any idealistic philosophical system, because all idealisms suffer from the same weakness as Christian morality. Relativism due to different religious belief seems to take its toll.

The recognition that "God is dead" would be like a blank canvas so being a Nietzschean means proposing alternative hypothesis. Nietzsche's remedy for nihilism is a revaluation of morals. He introduces transvaluation. This concept is beyond atheism. According to this concept atheism is not an end in itself. I even heard this reaction once in Luneta when a man asked me, “What’s the purpose of atheism if it’s just debates about the existence of god?” Do away with God, yes, but then what? Another morality, a new ethic, values never before thought of because it seems to be unthinkable? According to Nietzsche, this innovation is what makes it possible to arrive at atheism and to surpass it.

In Section 108 of The Gay Science, Nietzsche wrote, “God is Dead; but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown. And we—we still have to vanquish his shadow, too.”

On Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part I, Section XXII,3
'DEAD ARE ALL THE GODS: NOW DO WE DESIRE THE SUPERMAN TO LIVE.'

Nietzsche believes in the rise of the Ubermensch (supermen). Men who desires through his will to power, which for him is just the will to live a higher, more productive state of being. He indicates that his superman is like Aristotle’s ethical ideal, the great-souled man.

I hope that this article have cleared this misconception.
Until next time,

John the Atheist

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Sources: The Portable Nietzsche - Edited and translated by Walter Kaufmann
Atheist Manifesto – The case against Christianity, Judaism and Islam by Michael Onfrey
Philosophy for Beginners by Richard Osborne
Why Christianity Must Change or Die by John Shelby Spong
Can Man Live Without God? By Ravi Zacharias
A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism by Ravi Zacharias

Tuesday, December 25, 2007

A Different Carol

(What will happened if Ebenezer Scrooge was an atheist?)


There was once a hard working entrepreneur named Ebenezer Scrooge. Who labored industriously in his little business firm just to make ends meet.

Although he had been amassing enough wealth for a small fortune, he knew darn well that nobody would reserve any respect for those who had no money.

It was in the midst of a so-called Christmas Season when one of Ebenezer Scrooge’s underling, a clerk by the name of Bob Cratchit ask for his help, regarding his crippled son named Tiny Tim. Scrooge told Cratchit that he is still doing some inventories for the company that he could not immediately help Mr. Cratchit in his problem. Mr. Cratchit took this as a refusal and sadly left for home.
The Christmas season is upon us many had said, but Scrooge dismissed the whole tradition. He had reasons not to celebrate the season, far more than just “finding yourself a year older, and not an hour richer”.
For one thing, Ebenezer knows far too well that Christmas is nothing but a “pagan” celebration called “Feast of the Winter Solstice”...It was the birthday of the ancient god “Mithra” and scheming Christians took this holiday and dressed it up to become “Jesus Christ’s” birthday.
But it seemed the human race had embraced this tomfoolery and is gullible enough to take it for granted.
Ebenezer Scrooge also saw the hypocrisy of this season; he saw how the rich amassed gifts, toys and abundance of food. While the truly needy folk scurries in the corners of the street, still begging for alms, freezing in the cold.
Mankind is too pretentious, singing their carols, carving their turkeys, clergies sing praises to a defunct and foreign god, while a larger half of the population starve and sleep in the evening snow. Surely, if one comprehends all this, if one could muster all logic and observe the tradition objectively, “Humbug” is the toned down, right word to describe the season of abomination.
“A true lover of mankind, giving all the resources and necessary steps could help his fellow even without this Christmas rubbish...” Ebenezer told himself. “You don’t have to be a show-off, give love and gifts in just one day or season...A true righteous slob can give gifts, love and goodwill the whole year ‘round.”

After finishing his inventories, Ebenezer hid his gains in a safe, but left a large amount and put it in a separate safe box.

That night, Ebenezer retires.

But suddenly, he was awakened by the spirit of his former business partner, Jacob Marley.
Frightfully looking, Jacob Marley warned Scrooge that he will be visited by the ghosts of Christmas Past, Christmas Present and Christmas Future.

But Scrooge stood up from bed and told Jacob Marley’s ghost to haunt those clergies and parish priests who had been deceiving the majority about Christmas instead. He even chastised the visiting spirit of being deceived by the whole Christmas thing!

Jacob Marley’s ghost just stood there, mouth hanging down as Scrooge, told him about the true nature of Christmas.
As soon as Jacob Marley’s ghost vanishes, Ebenezer Scrooge sat beside his bookshelf and opened a biography book of Charles Darwin, waiting for the ghost of “Christmas Past” to drop by.

The ghost of “Christmas Past” arrived and showed Scrooge about his past. But Scrooge countered with his own visions of “Christmas Past”; Scrooge showed the ghost how heretics and pagan protesters died in the torture chambers and garrotes from the hands of zealot Christians just to impose Christmas as Lord Jesus’ birthday. He showed the ghost of “Christmas Past” how Christians stole Mithra’s birthday and turns it into Jesus’ birthday. The “Ghost of Christmas Past” bowed its head in shame and turned away.

Scrooge smiled and went back to his readings. Then came the Ghost of Christmas Present; the ghost looked like “Santa Clause” that had a horrible, decaying face. Scrooge only laughs at the ghost and said it fits the image of the season perfectly. The ghost showed Scrooge what people thought of him behind his back. The ghost even showed Scrooge Tiny Tim and his sorrowful condition.

But Scrooge took the ghost’s beard and hauled him to the streets, where the sad, the forgotten and downtrodden walked the icy streets. He even showed the ghost all the rich and powerful merrily enjoying Christmas with their children, gifts, food and yule log.

Then, Ebenezer Scrooge cussed at the “Ghost of Christmas Present”, telling him what a pretentious bastard he is, just like the rich followers of the season!

Because of intense indignity, the “Ghost of Christmas Present” dissolves into a foul vapor, never to return.

Again, Ebenezer Scrooge sits back into his couch and begins to read, this time a book about Richard Dawkins.

The “Ghost of Christmas Future” arrives radiating a cold, death-like atmosphere. Ebenezer Scrooge chuckled at the sight and shook his head; he told the visitor to be “more original” for the “Ghost of Christmas Future” resembles the likeness of Charon, the boatman of the river Styx in Greek Mythology.

“Christmas is already a pagan festivity, stolen by sweet Jesus, now they try to dress you up too?” was Ebenezer’s laughing words.

The ghost showed Ebenezer what will be the world like after Ebenezer’s death. But to the ghost’s surprise, the ghost saw that Ebenezer’s epitaph was done in marble and he was buried in the grounds of a large university with an inscription saying: “For dear Ebenezer, we owe him the light that erased all ignorance.”

It turned out that Ebenezer have abolished Christmas and Tiny Tim, who had grown up erected a large university dedicated to science, commerce and technology to enlighten the whole town from traditional deceit and superstitions.
Ebenezer was later mobbed down and clubbed to death by the last remaining Christian zealots who were considered criminals by the town mayor.

Ebenezer just looked at “The Ghost of Christmas Future” and waved goodbye. The ghost sneered and left defeated. Ebenezer just sat down and read a book about Carl Sagan.

Suddenly, the room was filled with “holy light”.

Ebenezer stood up and saw the so-called “loving-savior” Jesus Christ standing in front of him. Ebenezer stood up and stared at Jesus in the eye, face to face.
The image just stood there, motionless.

Ebenezer confronted the unmoving image.

“What is your true purpose of deceiving the whole world?
There are many savior gods before you... most of them, you blatantly stole their concept...perhaps you’re nothing but an assembled icon, used by those who entail their will against others. So be gone and be gone I say!”

The image of Jesus gradually fizzled out of sight.

Thus, Ebenezer had a good night sleep.

In the morning, Ebenezer took the separated money he hid in his other safe and paid a visit to Mr. Crichat’s house. He used the money to put Tiny Tim to a hospital where Tiny Tim was cured from his ailment.

That night, Mr. Crichat’s family invited Scrooge to their Christmas banquet. He was assigned to read a Christmas story. But instead, Mr. Scrooge read to them the history of pagan Christmas and challenged the folks to scrutinize the claims of religion. Because of this, Tiny Tim was inspired to search for the truth...
Happy Feast of the Winter Solstice to Everyone!!!!
John the Atheist

Monday, December 24, 2007

A Tale of Origin


Believers always presume they have the all the answers to every question. So being as “smart asses” like they always have been, they seem to think that they have an authority especially in the questions of origin.

Do religions such as Christianity have the answer, or are they also facing a wall when it comes to the question of origin?

An egotistical Christian stated that the question of origin was solved by the Bible...well he said that this was what he and other Christians like him believe. What? What he believe? Oh my papaya! So It just a matter of what you believe huh? He just “believes” what was written in the Genesis narrative.

To believe in something doesn’t necessary follow that it is true. I can believe that the Arroyo Government is not as corrupt as what the opposition wanted it to appear to be. I can believe that every state policy here in the Philippines is being dictated by the Americans. I can believe that Born-Again Christians is really a CIA operative plan to suppress a country’s development by choking its people with Bible garbage. But that is just a statement of belief.

When a person believes in something, he’s just accepting something as either true or false. Yet mere belief can be challenged. When Claudius Ptolemy “believes” that Earth is in the center of the solar system, it was challenged centuries later. We can’t blame Ptolemy for being naïve. Remember, back in his time, a lot of people believe in astrology. No one on those times challenge the claims of astrology, maybe except for a few. For example, in the Essays of Idleness, written in 1332 by Tsurezuregusa of Kenko questioned Japan’s belief on the Red Tongue Day and on astrology in general.

In Ptolemy time, we can’t distinguish the difference between astrology and astronomy.

Beyond the time of Ptolemy, the writers of the Jewish Tanack seem to be more badly informed. Those authors were really not too interested on planetary motions or even if there is life on other planets. For them, the Earth is the center of the universe. They believe that planet Earth is the foot stool of the god. This planet is god’s perfect creation. If you will read their creation story, you will notice that god created Earth first before the Sun, the moon stars and the other planets. Genesis 1:1 talks about the creation of earth (land) and the heavens (the atmospheric heaven “shamayim”). There is no concept of outer space in ancient Hebrew. They believe that outside planet earth is a very large reservoir of water. Notice that the Hebrew word for heavens is shamayin, which contains the word “water” or “mayim”. Genesis 1:2 is very clear about that.

The ancient Hebrews also believes that Earth is divided by “day” and “night” (Genesis 1:3-6). The never know anything about Earth’s rotation around the Sun which causes day and night. They also don’t know that when night comes in Palestine, it is morning somewhere in the Pacific. Also the Hebrew writers seem to be very ignorant in the issue concerning what light is. Today we now know that light is not something that can be separated from darkness. Light is an electromagnetic radiation from an energy source like the sun or stars, and darkness is merely the absence of light.

Since they believe that outside planet Earth is a large reservoir of water, they think that God placed a solid vault (a firmament or “raquiya”) between the middle of the waters, to separate one body of water from the other (Genesis 1:6). In this solid vault, God created the Sun to govern the day and the moon and the stars to govern the night. So the heavenly bodies were placed in the dome. The ancient Hebrew believes that all those “heavenly bodies” revolve around this solid dome...like a lighted menagerie that rotates above a baby’s crib. Here, planet Earth is secured in a foundation of pillars (Job 26:11 and Psalms 104:5). In that solid firmament are trap doors or flood gates that released the rain (Gen. 7:11). The ancient Hebrews doesn’t know anything about the water cycle and that clouds came from water vapor. That is ancient Hebrew cosmology.

Yet they believe it. Today we may scoff at the idea. The Roman Catholic Church even says that 18 chapters of Genesis are myth. But as I have said, it is a belief.

Belief is a natural activity of living things. Some even say that animals also “believe” on something. Belief is use as a survival tool. Without the existence of any sentient beings, belief doesn’t exist.

Human tend to believe on things. We believe that time exist, that we are capable of doing the most impossible of tasks and so on. There is even a “freedom of belief”. Yet belief is really a language game. Belief must be coherent to be understood or appreciated. But belief is not the truth. Belief is your representation to the world. That’s why belief doesn’t require immediate sensory data to be able to feed valuable information to the brain. Let see...maybe you’re familiar with sushi huh? Sushi is raw fish, right? If you believe that eating raw fish is gross then automatically you’re disgusted with sushi and sashimi, even if you had never even tried eating one. Biases seem to be part and parcel of belief.

Going back to Ptolemy, earlier we said that Ptolemy believed on a geocentric universe. This is because on Ptolemy’s time this is the most natural idea in the world. Even the Christian world who has been reading the Bible agrees with this. When a Polish Catholic cleric named Nicholas Copernicus challenged Ptolemy’s Earth-centered system, the Christian church resisted. In 1616 the Roman Catholic placed Copernicus work on the list of forbidden books to be corrected where it remained until 1835. Martin Luther describes Copernicus as an upstart astrologer and called him a fool who wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy.

Yet even Copernicus’ model was challenge. It was in the sixteenth and seventeenth century when ecclesiastical pronouncements were considered as more reliable than scientific matters. Here devotions to divine revelations and arcane theological matters seem to be more intellectual than rational inquiry and scientific method. Yet amidst such condition, Johannes Kepler revolutionized astronomy when he discovered the elliptical orbital movements of planets. Kepler was a deeply religious man, striving for years to prove his theory of “Divine Geometry” in which the planets moved in perfect circles around the sun. Finally, Kepler was forced to abandon his theory, because the observed motion of the planets contradicted the theory’s predictions. Contrary to Christians belief or what they want to believe, Kepler got his inspiration of an elliptical planetary orbit not from the Christian God and the Bible but from a Greek pagan named Apollonius of Perga which matched Tycho Brahe’s observation. According to Kepler, the universe is not perfect (unlike what Christian apologists claim) so since the universe in imperfect, then planetary orbits is not a perfect circle as Copernicus thought. Because of this, Kepler was excommunicated by the Lutheran Church. Three-hundred years later, “modern” creationism maintains that the solar system obeys Divine Geometry!

So that’s the trouble with belief, sometimes it seem to refuse change and revisions.

Let us go on...
This overconfident Christian asked, “What do atheists believe to be the origin of life and everything? Do atheists believe in the Big Bang and Darwin’s Theory of Evolution as the origin?

As I have always stated on all the articles I wrote concerning this subject, the Big Bang and the Theory of Evolution is not about life origin and the beginning. The Big Bang may be the origin of our present universe, but not “the universe” per se. So far, the Hindu religion is the only religion that held the idea that the universe undergoes an infinite number of death and rebirth. According to them, the universe is but the dream of a god who, after a hundred Brahma years, dissolves himself to a dreamless sleep. The universe dissolves with him – until, after another Brahma century, he stir and recomposed and begins again to dream the great cosmic dream.

In India, there is this bronze statue of one of the god Shiva’s incarnation. The Natajara, the Dance King has four hands. In the upper right hand are the drums whose sound is the sound of creation and on the left hand is a tongue of flame which represents destruction...a profound image that picture each cycle of creation and destruction. The Big Bang is not the creation of the universe but merely the end of the previous cycle, the destruction of the last incarnation of the cosmos. In an oscillirating universe, the Cosmos has no beginning and no end and we are just in the midst of an infinite cycle of cosmic deaths and rebirths.

In the issue of the Theory of Evolution, evolution is also not about the origin of life on planet Earth. The cause of this misunderstanding is when people seem to define the word evolution outside the scientific community. Evolution, by definition, is a gradual accumulation of functional adaptations. Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations. Biological evolution ... is change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individual.

In the broadest sense, evolution is merely change – not origin. So a well-informed atheist will not state the theory of evolution as the origin of life on Earth.

Not all religions believe that a god is required in order for a universe or any thing to exist. Jainism believes that the doctrine that the world and the universe were created is ill-advice and should be rejected. Entertaining the thought of an immaterial being created a material universe seems to be too silly. The Chinese story started with an egg and in Philippine mythology, the gods didn’t create humans, they just came out inside a bamboo shoot. Northeastern Siberian mythology even say that a female raven, not a god created the first human.

In Buddhism for example, well we know that Buddhism is a sort of atheistic. They say that the question of beginnings are meaningless questions which reflected gross misunderstanding on the part of the questioner and which in any case had no relevance to one’s spiritual development.

So what do atheists believe to be the origin of life on Earth? Well...believe it or not but an atheist can also believe anything. An atheist can believe in a more naturalistic non-mystical explanation of the beginning of life. If you believe that living things are collections of molecules, like everything else, then it’s really not so hard to explain. 3.85 billion years ago molecules like amino acid began to have the ability to replicate itself (like what polymers can do), it created DNA. DNA was covered by a thin membrane and a nucleus was form. The formation of a nucleus started the formation of organelles. These organelles soon form mitochondrion. Mitochondria manipulate oxygen in a way that liberates energy from foodstuffs. They reproduce at a different time from their host cell. They look like bacteria, divide like bacteria, and sometimes respond to antibiotics in the way bacteria do. From that point...maybe you now know the rest of the story. Evolution will take care of the rest.

There is also the belief that a meteorite brought life in this planet. The Murchison meteorite was found to be 4.5 billion years old, and it was studded with amino acids—seventy-four types in all, eight of which are involved in the formation of earthly proteins. This is called panspermia.

An atheist can also philosophize on the issue regarding the origin of life in a mystical yet non-theistic view like Buddhism. Some will say that life doesn’t begin from anything. Life like energy is neither created nor can be destroyed. It will only shift from one form to another. Yet other atheists can believe that aliens from a highly civilized planet created humans...something that sounded like what Zachria Sitchin is trying to promote. Or they can believe that we are all a product of cosmic coincidence. According to the anthropic coincidence (Carter 1974; Barrow and Tipler 1986) a slightly weaker weak force and we would have a universe that is 100 percent helium. This is not nice because hydrogen will not form, which will be bad news for the formation of stars and life. As Carl Sagan has said, we are all star stuff.

An atheist can also believe that human beings emerge from a bamboo, created by female ravens or to any creation story that doesn’t need a god or gods. But most rational atheists will just tell you that to answer the question of the beginning of life on Earth is purely speculative. A simple answer of “I don’t know” is sufficient than pretending that you know the answer but will reply “God did it”.

Remember, the Christian asked the atheists. An atheist is a person that doesn’t believe that god-concept exists. Therefore, any explanation that doesn’t require a god is atheistic.

But I would like to ask, do god-believers have already answered the question of origin? Does this arrogant Christian who boldly claimed that the Bible have already answered the question of origin really responded the query? All he said was ‘God did it”. The apparent fallacy in this “answer” is that it blindly presumes the conclusion that it sets out to prove. If you begin your case by assuming (1) that God exists, (2) that He is the God of the Christian Bible, (3) that He is omnipotent and omniscient, (4) that He created the universe, Earth, mankind, (5) and that all of His actions are purposeful, then of course your consequent, “logically-deduced” conclusions will identically ape these premises, which you have already believed uncritically by blind faith. Bear in mind that to answer a question saying that “god did it” is really not an answer. As Richard Dawkins and J.Coyne have said, “Why is God considered an explanation for anything? It's not - it's a failure to explain, a shrug of the shoulders, an 'I dunno' dressed up in spirituality and ritual. If someone credits something to God, generally what it means is that they haven't a clue, so they're attributing it to an unreachable, unknowable sky-fairy. Ask for an explanation of where that bloke came from, and odds are you'll get a vague, pseudo-philosophical reply about having always existed, or being outside nature. This, of course, explains nothing.”

So the Christian challenge to atheists to state how everything began was already unraveled. Unfortunately the challenges posted by atheists against Christian believers are still unresolved.

Until next time,
John the Atheist

Saturday, December 22, 2007

Apologetic Apology

I forgot who said this quote. All I know is that he was once a Nazi officer (John, I think this quote was uttered by Goebbles, the propaganda minister of Der Fuehrer of this earth in contrast to Der Fuehrer of the heavens.
- Praise da Lawd! - Mr. James Litton...Thanks for reminding mr Mr. Litton - JA).

I really don’t care about who told this quote, but I really like what the quote say, “A lie told many times becomes the truth.”

The quote seems to fit Christianity very nicely.

I have seen a lot of Christian apologetic works, other than those written in this Friendster group. They seem to be saying the same thing over and over and over. This message from a certain “Revelation” is not an exception.

[quote title=Revelation wrote on Fri, 12 October 2007 09:07]Does anyone know when this debate on God's existence started? Why did I ask this question? Because I think It was only after the "silent years" (400 years of silence inbetween end of OT and begining of NT) that this argument arose (or perhaps even after the death of the disciples). Why? [b]Because signs and wonders could have ceased during these silent years and so people become skeptic about God since signs and wonders prove that God really exists.[/b] [/quote]

Before I start, I’m just wondering: If god is all-powerful and timeless and if god is immutable then why will his signs and wonders could have ceased during Revelation’s so-called ‘silent years”? Maybe Revelation would like to clarify this.

So when humans became skeptical about god? When did humans started to question the existence of the gods? It started when men invented the gods. There are many factors in which doubt about the gods arose in the inquiring minds. Some notice that these manufactured gods reflect the culture in which they come from. Majority are men because the cultures that created them were patriarchal in nature. These gods were intensely patriotic and they abhor what their creators detest. They required flattery, worship and demanded the most abject and degrading obedience. Most of them were satisfy with sacrifice and the smell of innocent blood. Yet no one really saw a god speaking for its behalf. In the silence of these gods, the tribal chiefs, shamans and priests assume themselves to be the rightful speakers and messengers and, and worst...as enforcer of God’s laws. Some enterprising men even declared themselves as self-professed ambassador of these gods giving themselves the titles of prophets, disciples and apostles. Some even produced “holy scriptures” as testimony of covenant between these invented gods and the ignorant masses. To protect the existence of this invisible Ruler, they produced a wall of superstition to safeguard the gods from the prying mind. They created stories of curses and blessings, of rewards and punishment to put skeptical inquiry at bay. But they never anticipated that amidst the fog of ignorance and superstition there are freethinkers who began to doubt their claims.

Contrary to “Revelation’s” claims, skepticism in the existence of gods started earlier than 445 BCE and 63 BCE, his so-called “silent years”. Prior to the Persian and Greek rule and the Roman Conquest of Palestine, debates about the existence of the gods have been raging in other nations and cultures. For something better to blame after those pre-historical event as presented earlier, we can say that the dispute about god’s existence started in India, regarded as one of the earliest civilization in the world. The very earliest Indian religious writings, the Vedas, date from about 1500 BCE and in the Sanskrit epics considered as the oldest philosophical literature in the world, has some of the earliest information of materialist doctrine. Tradition attributes the Lokayata doctrine to a sage called Brihaspati, who, along with another figure called Charvaka (or Charvak), were the most outstanding proponents of materialism. The name, Lokayata, means "the view held by the common people", "the system which has its base in the common, profane world", "the art of sophistry", and also "the philosophy that denies that there is any world other than this one".

Buddhism is the most tangible proof of the debate about god and its absence. Buddhism was founded in India about 500 BCE. Although Buddhism never questioned the existence of a god, Buddha conceived of a religion that had the absence of a Godly concept and was rather based on humanistic principles, logically formulated, illustrating the basic human values of life. Buddhism doesn’t believe in the existence of an eternal omnipotent God or God-head who is the creator and ordainer of the world and who can miraculously save others.

Somewhere in Europe, there are Greek philosophers who are skeptical in the existence of the gods before Persia invaded Palestine. Thales of Miletus...the first man whom the name of “wise” was given, was known to think of things without relying too much on magic and the gods. For example, Thales claimed that the basis of all things is water. This was a great advance for human thought. True, the Babylonians had long before put forward the idea that all things came from water. In their Creation myth, this was the model for the Hebrew story of the Creation in the first book of Genesis. "All lands were sea," says the legend, until Marduk, the Babylonian creator, separated the land from the sea. The difference here is that there is no Marduk, no divine creator standing outside nature. Instead, for the first time, nature is explained in purely materialist terms, that is, in terms of nature itself.

I give Thales the credit of being the first scientific naturalist thinker in 585 BCE.

The anatomists and the materialists have questioned the believers’ god-claim before the Bible was compiled in Rome. The world outlook of the Greek atomists was naturally materialist. They were self-confessed atheists. There is no room for god in this view of the universe. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, born about 500 BCE, in Asia Minor, in the period of wars with the Medes, and the rise of Athens under Pericles. He believed that the sun was a mass of molten elements, as also were the stars, although these were too far away for their heat to be felt. The moon was nearer, and made of the same material as the earth. The light of the moon was a reflection of the sun, and eclipses were caused by the moon blocking off the sun’s light. Like Socrates later, he was accused of atheism, probably accurately, since he scarcely mentions religion in his cosmology. He was a far more original and profound thinker, who had a tremendous impact on philosophy in Athens.

The idea that matter consists of an infinity of tiny particles, invisible to the senses, represents a most important generalization, and a transition to the atomic theory, that remarkable anticipation of modern science, first expounded by Leucippus (c. 500-440 BCE) and Democritus (c. 460-370 BCE.).

Democritus believed that we get the constant changes which are everywhere to be seen in nature, and which give rise to the transitoriness of worldly things. There was an infinite number of worlds "born and dying," not created by god, but arising and being destroyed out of necessity, in accordance with natural laws.

This prove that skepticism in the existence of the gods came earlier that what Revelation have imagined.

[quote] And so, in the course of time, all the miraculous deeds of God in the Old Testament were interpreted by many as fairy tales. But I don't think this is true with the Israelites - the chosen nation of God. [b]I believe that through "oral tradition," believers in Israel knew that the God of the Bible is true with or without manifestations of signs and wonders.[/b] [/quote]

If a certain culture believes their myth is true, it doesn’t follow that the myth is true. Mythology is the reflection of how humans try to explain his ignorance. Take the case of the Israelites. They believe that the heavens are covered by a solid vault which they called a “requa”. They also believe the sun and the other planets revolve around the Earth. We now know that this isn’t so.

The word “Chosen People of God” isn’t really that special....Every culture in this planet believes that they are god’s favorite pet dog! It is quite common. We call it ethnocentrism.

[quote] Also, another thing that influenced others from denying the existence of God is the birth of [b]scientific theories [/b]which came later after the "silent years" (especially the Big-bang Theory and Theory of Evolution). Unfortunately, these theories have many loopholes. Like in Big-bang, scientists could not identify the actual cause of its explosion. The usual answer we will get is "accident". And it is insufficient because of its result - intelligent design. The simple question is, "How can accident come up with a very intelligent and intrinsic design of the universe and everything that's in it?" Because of this, some of scientists over the years came to the open and cannot but make a conclusion that God is the creator. [/quote]

Majority of these responses are base on the lack of knowledge of the believer on scientific terms such as “Big Bang and Theory of Evolution”. The best thing to do here is to flatten the ignorance out so that we may understand the following terms...before we start mud throwing.

Big Bang doesn’t necessary means an explosion, like a BANG! It is an expansion and it is not a singular event but a series of different events. I think Revelation is really not very aware of this...that’s why he boldly claimed that “scientists can’t identify the actual cause of its explosion.

Since we now know that it’s an expansion. Let see, what cause this expansion? Thanks to the following scientists, Stephen Hawkins, Andre Vilenkin and Alex Linde to name a few, we now have the scientific theory called Wave Function of the Universe. According to this theory, there is a scientific law of nature called Wave Function of the Universe that implies that it is highly probable that the universe with our characteristics will come into existence without a cause. Hawkins’ theory is base on assigning numbers of possible universes. All the numbers cancel out except for a universe with features that our universe possesses, such as containing intelligent organism. This remaining universe has a very high probability –near 100% - of coming into existence uncaused. That means according to scientists, the universe is an uncaused cause and not as an “accident” as Revelation presupposed.

There is also a natural explanation of how the Big Bang started. By means of a random quantum fluctuation the universe “tunneled” from pure vacuum to what is called a false vacuum, a region of space that contains no matter or radiation but is not quite nothing. The space inside a bubble of false vacuum is curved, or wrapped, and a small amount of energy is stored in that curvature, like the potential energy of a strung bow. This ossensible violation of energy conservation is allowed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle for sufficient small time intervals.

The bubble then inflated exponentially and the universe grew by many orders of magnitude in a tiny fraction of a second. As the bubble expanded, its curvature energy transformed (naturally) into matter and radiation. Inflation stopped, and the more linear big bang expansion we now experience commenced. – As the universe cooled, its structure spontaneously froze out – just like how water vapor froze and create those unique snow flake patterns.

Does the universe show proof of a so-called intelligent design?

Let see...
1. No planet travels in a perfectly circular orbit.
Each planet’s orbit has a different shape from all the other planets’, and no planet even maintains a constant distance from the sun. Moreover, the sun is not at the center of any planet’s orbit.

2. Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist who fathered the study of quantum mechanics, said that the behavior of subatomic particles was often chaotic and unpredictable. Bohr argued that our everyday notions of structure, order and cause-effect do not apply at the atomic level.

3. Laws of nature are always violated at sub atomic level.

4. There is also the problem due to mathematical calculations—first performed by Johannes Kepler in the early 1600’s. It reveal that the number of successful orbital-speed-orbital-distance combinations is virtually unlimited, rather than minuscule. Creationists cannot reasonably argue that the number of successful orbital-speed-orbital-distance combinations is tiny, when we directly observe, throughout the universe, orbital-speed-orbital-distance combinations in the hundreds of millions!

5. The problem of billions of stars and galaxies in the universe. What are they for? What is their purpose to mankind? Bible believers respond that God created the heavens to attest His majesty and to provide man with a beautiful night sky. Such an argument—already highly dubious—disintegrates further when we consider that all planets and stars visible to the naked eye are located within our own Milky Way galaxy. Of what benefit to mankind are the other hundred-billion galaxies?

6. The current tilt planet Earth’s axis of 23.5 degrees is temporary and variable, and will shift our planet into a new Ice Age within a few millennia. The seasons, as we know them today, will be unrecognizable, as during the last Ice Age, which ended 11,500 years ago.

(Source: Skeptical Inquirer July/August 1999. Vol 23, No. 4
Science Shams and Bible Bloopers by David Mills pp. 248 – 252)

Also, it seems Revelation is in the dark when he said, “...that influenced others from denying the existence of God is the birth of scientific theories which came later after the "silent years" (especially the Big-bang Theory and Theory of Evolution)”. For your information, the Theory of Evolution is not really a very new concept. Contrary to Christian belief, Democritus have thought that life form emerge from a simple primitive source. That was roughly around 420 BCE, 825 years before the Bible was compiled by Jerome in 405 CE.

[quote]As to the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin, the advancement of technology finally resolved this case as fallacious. Thanks to the research of Michael Behe! [/quote]

Here’s another fancy claim of wishful thinking. Technology hasn’t resolved the theory of evolution as fallacious. I may even thank technology for providing us more advance tools for the study of molecular biology, genetics and comparative anatomy thus giving us better support on the evidence for macroevolution.

Fact: Michael Behe’s so-called “research” didn’t give evolution a knock as Revelation believed. (Is this another of those Christian lies? @ Revelation
Can I ask for a copy of any scientific or Biology journal that says Michael Behe have revolutionized Evolutionary Biology?)

Are you familiar with Behe’s research @ Revelation or did you just copy-pasted your thread from some obscure “Born-Again” Christian internet site? Oh well...

In 1986 Michael Behe, an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at Lehigh University, published a book called Darwin’s Black Box in which he introduce his concept of Irreducible Complexity. According to this concept, the main biochemical challenge to -Darwin comes from irreducibly complex systems. His good example was the bacterial flagellar motor.

The following came from Richard Dawkin’s book The God Delusion, to give us a good portrait of Michael Behe’s so-called “scientific research”:

Without a word of justification, explanation or amplification, Behe simply
proclaims the bacterial flagellar motor to be irreducibly complex. Since he
offers no argument in favour of his assertion, we may begin by suspecting a
failure of his imagination. He further alleges that specialist biological
literature has ignored the problem. The falsehood of this allegation was
massively and (to Behe) embarrassingly documented in the court of Judge John E.
Jones in Pennsylvania in 2005, where Behe was testifying as an expert witness on
behalf of a group of creationists who had tried to impose 'intelligent design'
creationism on the science curriculum of a local public school - a move of
'breathtaking inanity', to quote Judge Jones (phrase and man surely destined for
lasting fame). (This was from the famous Dover Trial – John the Atheist)

This wasn't the only embarrassment Behe suffered at the hearing, as we
shall see. The key to demonstrating irreducible complexity is to show that none
of the parts could have been useful on its own. They all needed to be in place
before any of them could do any good (Behe's favorite analogy is a mousetrap).
In fact, molecular biologists have no difficulty in finding parts functioning
outside the whole, both for the flagellar motor and for Behe's other alleged
examples of irreducible complexity. (The God Delusion p 131)

Another of
Behe's favorite alleged examples of 'irreducible complexity' is the immune
system. Let Judge Jones himself take up the story:

In fact, on
cross-examination, Professor Behe was questioned concerning his 1996 claim that
science would never find an evolutionary explanation for the immune system. He
was presented with fifty-eight peer-reviewed publications, nine books, and
several immunology textbook chapters about the evolution of the immune system;
however, he simply insisted that this was still not sufficient evidence of
evolution, and that it was not 'good enough.'

Behe, under
cross-examination by Eric Rothschild, chief counsel for the plaintiffs, was
forced to admit that he hadn't read most of those fifty-eight peer-reviewed
papers. Hardly surprising, for immunology is hard work. Less forgivable is that
Behe dismissed such research as 'unfruitful'. It certainly is unfruitful if your
aim is to make propaganda among gullible laypeople and politicians, rather than
to discover important truths about the real world. After listening to Behe,
Rothschild eloquently summed up what every honest person in that courtroom must have felt: Thankfully, there are scientists who do search for answers to the
question of the origin of the immune system . . . It's our defense against
debilitating and fatal diseases. The scientists who wrote those books and
articles toil in obscurity, without book royalties or speaking engagements.

Their efforts help us combat and cure serious medical conditions. By
contrast, Professor Behe and the entire intelligent design movement are doing
nothing to advance scientific or medical knowledge and are telling future
generations of scientists, don't bother.
(This account of the Dover trial,
including the quotations, is from A. Bottaro, M. A. Inlay and N. J. Matzke,
'Immunology in the spotlight at the Dover "Intelligent Design" trial', Nature
Immunology 7, 2006, 433-5.)

As the American geneticist Jerry Coyne put
it in his review of Behe's book: 'If the history of science shows us anything,
it is that we get nowhere by labelling our ignorance "God".' Or, in the words of
an eloquent blogger, commenting on an article on intelligent design in the
Guardian by Coyne and me, Why is God considered an explanation for anything?
It's not - it's a failure to explain, a shrug of the shoulders, an 'I dunno'
dressed up in spirituality and ritual. If someone credits something to God,
generally what it means is that they haven't a clue, so they're attributing it
to an unreachable, unknowable sky-fairy. Ask for an explanation of where that
bloke came from, and odds are you'll get a vague, pseudo-philosophical reply
about having always existed, or being outside nature. Which, of course, explains
nothing.
(Note: J. Coyne, 'God in the details: the biochemical challenge to
evolution', Nature 383, 1996, 227-8. The article by Coyne and me, 'One side can
be wrong', was published in the Guardian, 1 Sept. 2005:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/ feature/story/0,13026,1559743,00.html. The
quotation from the 'eloquent blogger' is at http://
www.religionisbullshit.net/blog/2005_09_01_archive.php. (The God Delusion pp
133-134)


Speaking of Michael Behe’s mousetrap analogy, he claimed that Irreducible Complexity can be compared to the humble mousetrap. The mousetrap consists of five components, the wooden platform (base), the hammer (to crush the mouse), the spring (to provide force to the hammer), the catch (to sense the mouse) and the holding bar (to hold the hammer). The mousetrap is irreducibly complex because every component is required for the system to work. If one par is missing the trap will fail to work. That means a simple step by step improvement is impossible. VIOLA! Evolution is impossible.

Fortunately John McDonald (A Reducibly Complex Mousetrap) demonstrated that the mousetrap can still function even with only one part! Don Stoner also showed how Behe’s mousetrap could evolve in Darwinian step-by-step fashion from a single box and stick trap, thus justifying Darwinian evolution.

[quote] Finally, and the worse of all. [b]God's culprits were able to make circulations of materials which intend to distort the truth in the Bible. [/b]And those who were not deep in God's Word were easily swayed by this devilish work. Some of those materials are myths which were copied from the Hebrews/Israelites later known as Christians (Acts 11:26). Others are misinterpretations about God and the Bible.[/quote]

Ah...a statement of a fanatic.
There is nothing worse than a fanatic, who loves to sweep the dusts under the rug.

Have you forgotten Mr. Joey De Leon’s quote? “Explain before you complain.” Before you whine and grumble that your Bible is being distorted by God’s culprit maybe its best that you explicate why such discrepancies are found in a supposed to be “God inspired book”. Calling critics names won’t make criticism go away.

Skepticism is not the devil’s work, even the Bible say that the devil believes in a god. It is but natural to an inquiring, rational mind to test the validity of scriptural claims and the Bible is not an exception. Remember free minds vigorously examine the authenticity of a claim...especially on so-called “holy scriptures” and god-inspired writings. As Robert G. Ingersoll has said, “The instant we admit that a book is too sacred to be doubt, or even reasoned about, we are mental serfs.”

So why place a wall of separation between the Bible and rational inquiry? Are you trying to hide something? Why not do something different for a change. Read the Bible as you will read other books. Think of it like how you think of other books. Replace the spirit of fear and superstition with a more analyzing thought.

So as a word of advice, to make your allegations more credible @ Revelation, perhaps we could ask you to present us of these so-called materials and myths that distort the “truth” about the Bible. I think it’s better than just pointing fingers.

Oh before I forget, the Israelites on no account became Christians, The 12 tribes of Israel vanished from history before the Romans invaded Palestine in 63 BCE.

[quote]In view of the aforementioned, what better proof of God's existence do we give unbelievers? Let me share some them.

[b]1. Your walk with God [/b](for believers). Live in holiness and pray for God's miracles to manifest alongside your ministry with other people. People believe as they see God's handiworks. Pray in the power of the Holy Spirit!
[b]
2. Proofs that will authenticate the Bible and/or those that will refute fallacious claims against it. [/b]You need to make a balanced research by presenting the pros and cons and let unbelievers weigh the facts.[b]

2. Prophecies yet to be fulfilled.[/b] There are so many details given in the Bible about the future or the end times. List down all of those and see them happen accurately in the days ahead. List of fulfilled prophecies will also help.[/quote]

Pray? As Lisa Simpson said, “Prayer is the last recourse of a scoundrel.”

I think the challenge was address to the “Christian believers”. So I really won’t give too much of thought to this, but...

In your statement number 1, this is too relative. Not all Christians “walk in holiness”, but mostly they “walk in foolishness”. Even televangelist preachers seem to neglect this so-called “Christian virtue”.

Let’s take a look @ Revelation’s issue concerning miracles. Miracles are really not a convincing tool to prove god existence. Now let us say a miracle happened. The question will be how will you prove to a non-believer that the cause of this ‘miracle’ is god? The existence of a miracle (if there are any?) only provide inductive support to theism if the existence of a miracle is more probable relative to theism and the background information than it is relative to the negation of theism and the background information. But it is not at all clear than that it is, therefore the argument from miracle fails. (Source: Atheism: A philosophical justification by Michael Martin)

2. I leave the challenge of authenticating the Bible to you @ Revelation. Just show me your proofs and claims so we can start scrutinizing every word that you’re going to lob at me.

And 3 give me a list of these so-called “fulfilled prophecies” and I’ll give you a longer list of unfulfilled prophesies which will also include your list as stated in the Bible. I appropriately call these as “wishful thinking” and severe cases of selective reading.

So...I guess I’ll just wish you all the luck @ Revelation. But please consider that if all you can give me are prattles and pointless “proofs”, then I guess it’s a waste of my time to continue to talk about Christian gobbledygook and baseless propagandas.

Until next time...same bat-time, same bat-channel!
John the Atheist

Friday, December 21, 2007

God...rewinded!

Etymologically speaking the word “god” came from a Gothic rood word “gheu” which came from a Sanskrit origin “hub” or “Emu” which means either “the one invoked” or “the one sacrificed to”.

This word is now used to designate something where an active submission is involved. That’s why we sometimes say “Money is the god of this world”.

Today, when we speak of god, we picture a disembodied supernatural being, which is generally male that have the following attributes: omniscience, omnipotence, transcendent, omnipresence, benevolent, Creator and sustainer of the universe. We call this the theistic definition of god. Judaism, Christianity and Islam define god this way. The “god of the philosophers”...the god promoted by Aristotle, also have the same attributes, where we can also include the following...Prime Mover and the Unmoved Mover. But unlike today’s definition of god, Aristotle’s god is non-sentient. When this god become concern with human morality and became too human with different human emotions like love, jealousy and hate, it is now known to be a “personal god”.

But not all gods are visualized that way. Buddhism for example believe in “devas’ – or gods that are lower and more ignorant compare to human beings. In Philippine mythology for example humans were not created by the gods. Chinese mythology also doesn’t say that the gods created the universe, the universe came from a sort of a cosmic egg.

Other believes that Nature and god is the same. This view is called pantheism. The word “pantheism” was first used by John Toland in 1705. There are two different thought of this belief system. One is that God is everything and everything is God and the other is that there is no god but only the combined substance, forces, and laws that are manifested in the existing universe. The first one is still a believer...Hare Krishna cult and some Indian Philosophy believes this theistic thought. Unlike the other type of pantheism, they still believe that god exist, only that everything is god itself. There is also a variation that says every person or life form in this planet is God. Only that god forgot (strange?) It is called the Divine Lilac. It is said that God was shattered into a billion pieces and that god is just trying to remember. Each piece becomes an individual life and god is just playing in this cosmic stage. This concept is also known as “impersonalism”

The other type of pantheism is quite atheistic. Richard Dawkins even called it sexed-up atheism. This type of pantheists don't believe in a supernatural God at all, but use the word God as a non-supernatural synonym for Nature, or for the Universe, or for the lawfulness that governs its workings. Sometimes this is known as scientific pantheism. Good examples are Baruch Espinoza and Albert Einstein.

We have the concept of Deism. Deism is watered-down theism. In deism, god created the universe, set up all the natural laws that it operates by and then left the universe to operate under those laws without any interventions. The best analogy to be use is that god is like a watch maker who created a watch and left it running by itself. A deist believes in a supernatural intelligence, but one whose activities were confined to setting up the laws that govern the universe in the first place. Deists differ from theists in that their God does not answer prayers, is not interested in sins or confessions, does not read our thoughts and does not intervene with capricious miracles. The deist God never intervenes thereafter, and certainly has no specific interest in human affairs.

There is also the concept of panentheism which believe that god is immanent in the universe, yet also transcends it. In a panentheists view God and the universe is the same yet god is personal. God directs the world only through influence but not all of the worlds recognized or controlled by his influence. That’s why evil exist.

There is also what we called Finite Godism. Finite Godism believes that god has limitations. Speaking of a limited god-concept, Process Theology considers god evolved. That means god started not as a god but evolved to become a god.

We also have the subjective abstract god known as the “being of beings” as proposed by Paul Tillich. This God is not a person. It doesn’t have any theistic power nor is the traditional divine worker of miracles and magic, the dispenser of rewards and punishments, blessing and curses. Nor would this god be the capricious heavenly super parent who confronted us, heard our cries and become the terrestrial Mr. Fix-It for some while allowing others to endure their pain to the bitter end in a radically unfair world. This “Being of beings” is said to be the insights of the mystics, this God was the mystical presence in which all personhood could flourish. This God was not a being but rather the power that called being forth in all creatures. This God was not an external, personal force that could be invoked but rather an internal reality that, when confronted, open us to the meaning of life itself.

So if someone tells you about “god”, maybe it’s better if you will ask him first of what form of god he’s trying to bring in.

Wednesday, December 19, 2007

When a Moron thinks about “oxy-moron”

According to Miss Faith Fathom: Don't forget, you call positive atheist oxy-morons! It is already registered in my vocabulary.

What a very thin vocabulary...Maybe Miss Faith Fathom can’t fathom what an oxy-moron is. Oxy-moron means conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence').

Positive atheism is justified because of negative atheism. That means when a believer didn’t counter the problems laid by negative atheism, then positive atheism is warranted. But to say that a person will positively claim that God doesn’t exist without justifications requires faith. Hmmmm I think Richard Dawkins can give a better explanation than me in this matter.

Let us, then, take the idea of a spectrum of probabilities seriously, and place
human judgments about the existence of God along it, between two extremes of
opposite certainty. The spectrum is continuous, but it can be represented by the
following seven
milestones along the way.

1 Strong theist. 100 per
cent probability of God. In the words of
C. G. Jung, 'I do not believe, I
know.'

2 Very high probability but short of 100 per cent. De facto
theist. 'I cannot know for certain, but I strongly believe in God and live my
life on the assumption that he is there.'

3 Higher than 50 per cent but
not very high. Technically agnostic but leaning towards theism. 'I am very
uncertain, but I am inclined to believe in God.'

4 Exactly 50 per cent.
Completely impartial agnostic. 'God's existence and non-existence are exactly
equiprobable.'

5 Lower than 50 per cent but not very low. Technically
agnostic but leaning towards atheism. 'I don't know whether God exists but I'm
inclined to be sceptical.'

6 Very low probability, but short of zero. De
facto atheist. 'I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable,
and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there.'

7 Strong
atheist. 'I know there is no God, with the same conviction as Jung "knows" there
is one.'

I'd be surprised to meet many people in category 7, but I
include it for symmetry with category 1, which is well populated. It is in the
nature of faith that one is capable, like Jung, of holding a belief without
adequate reason to do so (Jung also believed that particular books on his shelf
spontaneously exploded with a loud bang).

Atheists do not have faith;
and reason alone could not propel one to total conviction that anything
definitely does not exist. Hence category 7 is in practice rather emptier than
its opposite number, category 1, which has many devoted inhabitants. I count
myself in category 6, but leaning towards 7 - 1 am agnostic only to the extent
that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden.

- Richard
Dawkins (the God Delusion pp. 50-51)

That you cannot prove God's
nonexistence is accepted and trivial, if only in the sense that we can never
absolutely prove the non-existence of anything. What matters is not whether God
is disprovable (he isn't) but whether his existence is probable. That is another
matter. Some undisprovable things are sensibly judged far less probable than
other undisprovable things. There is no reason to regard God as immune from
consideration along the spectrum of probabilities. And there is certainly no
reason to suppose that, just because God can be neither proved nor disproved,
his probability of existence is 50 per cent.
- - Richard Dawkins (the God
Delusion p. 54)



There! Hope that’s clear enough.

John the Atheist